ABSTRACT
Background: Incidence of maxillofacial fractures is quite high worldwide. A very important aesthetic function is served by maxillofacial skeleton moreover the prominent position of maxillofacial skeleton makes it more susceptible to fracture.Methods: A prospective study was done to assess the main etiology and pattern of maxillofacial fractures of 60 patients who came to the emergency department of Sri Guru Ram Das Institute of Medical sciences and Research between January 2018 and June 2019.Results: Total number of patients taken for this study were 60. The number of male patients were 56 (93.33%) and number of female patients were 4 (6.66%) and male to female ratio was (14:1). The age range spanned from 11 years to 70 years with (mean age=37.30 years, SD=14.27). Primary etiologic factor for maxillofacial fractures was road traffic accidents (49, 81.66%), followed by fall (8, 13.33%), and assault accounted for (3, 5%). Total 229 fractures were present in 60 patients. Concerning the anatomical site of fractures, it was explored that most common site of fractures is orbit (59, 25.72%) followed by fractures of maxilla (55, 24%) and zygomatic complex (35, 15.28%). Infection was most common complication and was present in 2 (3.33%) of the patients during hospital stay. 21 (35%) of the patients had associated head injury and maximum patients 49 (81.66%) were treated by open reduction and internal fixation.Conclusions: It is concluded, that main etiology of maxillofacial trauma is road side accidents. Therefore, strict compliance of traffic rules can avoid such injuries.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Citrobacter infection occurs in a hospital setting in patients with multiple comorbidities and it occasionally causes disease in general population. Neonates and immunocompromised are highly susceptible to Citrobacter infections which are mainly caused by Citrobacter freundii and Citrobacter koseri, the incidence of nosocomial infections caused by antibioticresistant Gram-negative pathogens is increasing. This study was done to know the development of drug resistance in emerging pathogen Citrobacter. Methods: The study was conducted in the department of microbiology in a tertiary care hospital for a period of 1 year. Bacterial identification was performed by routine conventional microbial culture and biochemical tests using standard recommended techniques. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion technique on Mueller‑Hinton agar, as per the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Results: In the present study, 1788 pus samples were processed for a period of 1 year, out of which in 808 pus samples, organisms were isolated. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated in 234 (28.96%) cases. Escherichia coli was isolated in 168 (20.79%) cases, Pseudomonas was isolated in 125 (15.47%) cases, and Proteus was isolated in 32 (3.96%) cases. Enterobacter spp. was isolated in 51 (6.31%) cases. Acinetobacter was isolated in 16 (1.98%) cases. Candida spp. was 17 (2.10%). Citrobacter spp. was isolated in 85 (10.52%) cases. In 85 cases of Citrobacter spp., 58 (68.23%) were C. freundii and 27 (31.76%) were C. koseri. In the present study, Citrobacter spp. was sensitive to amikacin in 36.47% of cases, gentamycin in 48.88% of cases, and levofloxacin in 29.41% of cases. Conclusion: Citrobacter species is an emerging pathogen developing drug resistance. Drug options are limited in the current scenario; hence, injudicious and inadequate use of antibiotics should be avoided.
ABSTRACT
Context: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common nosocomial infections, caused by Escherichia coli. This study determined the presence of virulence factors in the organism and correlates it with the multi-drug resistance (MDR). Aims: The aim of the following study is to assess the virulence factors of uropathogenic E. coli and antibiotic susceptibility pattern. Settings and Design: This was a prospective study conducted in the Department of Microbiology in PT. B. D. Sharma, PGIMS, Rohtak. Subjects and Methods: The study was conducted over a period of 1 year. Urine samples received were processed as per standard microbiological procedures. Virulence factors such as hemolysin, hemagglutination, cell surface hydrophobicity, serum resistance, gelatinase and siderophore production were studied. The antimicrobial susceptibility was done as per Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute Guidelines. Statistical Analysis Used: The data was analyzed by using SPSS(Statistical Package for the social sciences) IBM Corporation version 17.0. A two sided P ≤ 0.05 was considered to be signifi cant. Results: Hemolysin production was seen in 47.4%, hemagglutination in 74.8%, cell surface hydrophobicity in 61%, serum resistance in 59%, gelatinase in 67.5% and siderophore production in 88% isolates. Nitrofurantoin was found to be most effective followed by, gatifl oxacin and gentamicin. Twenty nine percent (29.62%) isolates were MDR. Conclusions: Therefore, the knowledge of virulence factors of E. coli and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern will help in better understanding of the organism and in the treatment of UTI.